https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2019-04-16/armies-sand-past-present-and-future-arab-military-effectivenessI read this book, and he had some interesting ideas on why Soviet, 3rd world, and corrupt armies do bad.
But his favorite final answer was because of the unique aspects of Arab, shame-based, authoritian, conformist culture. And I was thinking this could have been written about Japan. And yet Arab and Japanese culture are so far apart.
So if you compare nonwestern cultures to the west, everything different is going to appear strange and exotic.
I think you really only get a sense of what is unique when you compare nonwestern cultures to other nonwestern cultures, and see what is different between them.